In the late 90s and the early 21st century, Argentina faced a severe economic and social crisis, and to deal with it, the government took various measures. These actions have led to the formation of various claims by investors against that State in several arbitrations, including arbitration under the rules of the Investment Dispute Resolution Center (ICSID), hence tribunals that have considered the claims brought against Argentina, sometimes issued contradictory award, despite same facts and (almost) similar defenses of the country. The most important disagreements between the arbitration tribunals concerned with interpretation and implementation of the necessity defense by the Argentine government and its invocation to exception clause contained in some bilateral investment treaties as an excuse for its actions. Considering the importance of the issue and the possibility of occurrence of similar cases, in this paper, we considered the relevant awards in the light of necessity defense and exception clause. Finally it became clear that the mixing of necessity defense and exception clause was the most important factor causing differences in the above-mentioned cases and this was due to the lack of attention to the distinction of these two concepts and distinct effects of either of them.

Bacground and Objectives: Start codon is the first codon that can be translated to amino acid after transcription of mRNA from DNA. In all prokaryotes and eukaryotes the genetic code for start codon is ATG that will translate to methionine at the beginning of peptide chain via tRNA, rRNA and other parts of protein synthesis machine but a rare exception was recognized in this universal rule. This kind of exception on universal rule of start codon in eukaryotic genes is important and notable.Materials and Methods: After isolation, cloning and sequencing of phospholipase B2 gene from pathogenic mold Aspergillus fumigatus (afplb2), usual ATG start codon was not seen at predicted region of obtained sequence and instead of this codon, GTG codon was present at predicted position.Results: Control of every possible factor for prevention from any mistake for sequences of afplb2 gene were not leads to any mistake and also triple reading of both strand of afplb2 gene were not shown any misreading on the length of cloned gene. Search in the web and submitted genes sequences at different Gene Banks was shown two similar exception on the sequences of start codon and replacement of GTG to ATG on glyceraldehde-3-phosphate dehydrogenaseencoding (gpdA) gene from Phytophotora infestans and gene encoding alpha-aminoadipylcysteinyl- valine synthetase (pcbAB) from Cephalosporium acremonium.Conclusion: It seems that a point mutation has been replaced a purine (G) “guanine” with another purine (A) “adenine” and due to point mutation valine amino acid has been replaced with methionine at the beginning of peptide chain.

“ Indemnification” is a common method for the risk allocation in contracts in the Common Law; according to which, one party is liable to indemnify the other party against the losses resulted from his anticipatory act, from the indemnitee’ s liabilities or from a third party’ s claim. This institution has emerged from the customs formed amongst the merchants, gradually recognized by the legal systems. In this paper, we are going to examine the validity of the indemnity clause by using the relevant legal principles and rules. Studies show that the indemnity clauses are typically being considered valid, except in cases of indemnitee’ s deliberative act or his gross negligence. In this paper, the concept of indemnity clause and its validity and variety along with the similar legal institutions in the Iranian law and the Shiite jurisprudence are being studied.

In software programs, most of the time, there is a chance for occurrence of faults in general, and exception faults in particular. Localizing those pieces of code that are responsible for a particular fault is one of the most complicated tasks, and it can produce incorrect results if done manually. Semi-automated and fully-automated techniques have been introduced to overcome this issue. However, despite recent advances in fault localization techniques, they are not necessarily applicable to Android applications because of their special characteristics such as context-awareness, use of sensors, being executable on various mobile devices, limited hardware resources, etc. To this aim, in this paper, a semi-automated hybrid method is introduced that combines static and dynamic analyses to localize exception faults in Android applications. Our evaluations of nine open source Android applications of di erent sizes with various exceptions show that the technique proposed in this paper can correctly identify root causes of the occurred exceptions. These results indicate that our proposed approach is e ective in practice in localizing exception faults in Android applications.

There are two main problems in Persian grammars. First, it is not discussed that grammatical rules are generative, semi-generative or non-generative, second, in studying grammatical rules, exceptions are not mentioned or they are not even noticed. This article studies some relative-making morphemes and their exceptions.

Intraoperative anaphylaxis can lead to significant morbidity and mortality but rarely occurs. Vascular collapse and bronchospasm are the hallmarks of this condition. numerous agents have been identified as triggers of intraoperative anaphylaxis, the most common being neuromuscular blocking drugs and latex. But opioids rarely cause anaphylaxis. We report an unusual case of intraoperative anaphylaxis with pulmonary edema during a routine plastic surgery procedure was due to iv fentanyl.

The United Nations charter prohibited the threat or use of force by States individually or collectively against the territorial integrity or political independence of others. Two exceptions to this rule are contemplated in the Charter. The first relates to the right of individual or collective self defense in case of an armed attack against a member of the United Nations the second pertains to the system of collective security under which the Security Council may take necessary enforcement action to maintain or restore international peace and security. However some of actions which were not compatible with prior exceptions have occurred.Owing to widespread atrocities witnessed in the last decade of the twentieth century, and in particular those associated with the NATO intervention in Kosovo, the issue of humanitarian intervention has been thrust into the political and doctrinal limelight. The introductions of humanitarian intervention have an important role in deciding on legitimacy or illegitimacy of this matter. Because of this aspect, we must pay attention to foundations of the subject. The writers believe that humanitarian intervention must be construed in frame work of the United Nations Charter.

Governments have recently incorporated foreign investment treaties into a so-called “ Non-Precluded Measure clause ", which permits action contrary to the provisions of the treaty in cases where the protection of essential interests is necessary. In this descriptive-analytical method, this article outlines the most important challenges and explains the ways to eliminate or reduce them. The most important findings of the study indicate that the government's authority in practice was not absolute, but observable. The host government must impartially resort to this clause and is always obliged to respect the good faith towards another party. Despite the disagreement expressed in the liability of the host States, the dominant approach of dispute settlement tribunals is to compensate the investor in proportion to the loss incurred by him. Governments have recently incorporated foreign investment treaties into a so-called “ Non-Precluded Measure clause ", which permits action contrary to the provisions of the treaty in cases where the protection of essential interests is necessary.

International law is produce of sovereignties and in a real sense, of agreements among states. But it has nowadays been asserted humanity and laws and rights belong it, has reached to a level that we can say of humanity of international law. In other words, it has been spread in every areas of international law such as international humanitarian law, international criminal law, diplomatic and consular law, international environmental law and etc. Therefore, the possibility of conflict between norms and rules of international law is visible in some legal regimes and branches of it and in a wider scope in international legal order. In this regard, what is controversial in contemporary era of enforcement of international law is conflict and contrast between state immunity and jus cogens norms. This would be seen a discussion between value and reality. Hence, the paper will seek on this point and also contemporary transformations regarding these norms.

This study aims at investigating semantic impacts of the verb of the main clause on the interpretation of the event expressed in the subordinate clause. In order to achieve the objective of the study, first, about 1000 compound sentences were collected from three novels by Mahmood (1365/1986 & 1380/2001) and Golshiri (1385/2006); second, only 400 sentences which fitted the purpose of the study were selected for analysis. According to the findings of the study not all main clauses can take any sort of clause types as subordinate clauses. In addition, the verb mood of the subordinate clause may be determined by the semantic features of the verb of the main clause.According to the data and its analysis, main clause verbs can be put into three categories based on their semantic features: a) those indicating certain actualization of the event expressed in the dependent clause, b) those which do not guarantee the actualization of the event expressed in the dependent clause though its actualization is possible, and c) those which do not permit the actualization of the event expressed in the dependent clause.